Patronage & Clieintelist Politics in Egypt - Pre-arab spring Assignment

Patronage & Clieintelist Politics in Egypt - Pre-arab spring - Assignment Example s the case in Egypt during the pre-Arab spring period patron-client relationships offers a platform for the mobilization of the low-status group by the well established elites. Thus, introduction of competitive elections would disadvantage the patron since the client would have additional resources from the patron by use of hiss or her to pay the patron. In essence, incentives linked to voter turn out Egypt’s electoral process during the pre-Arab spring played a chief role in the voting trend among the vast majority. Although some voters cast their vote based on ideological concerns, this is just a small percentage of voters unlike the majority who expected material benefits for voting for a particular leader. In additional, the vast majority cast their vote mainly due to pressure from the government either in a direct or an indirect manner. Thus, responsive to vote buying was high since the higher percentage of the population compromised of poor and illiterate parties (Blayde s 10). The success of Clientelistic practice in Egypt during the pre-Arab spring thrived mainly because one of the benefits clients received from the patron monetary material in exchange for votes-vote

Applied Skill for Human Services Essay Example for Free

Applied Skill for Human Services Essay The field of Human Services is broadly defined, uniquely approaching the objective of meeting human needs through an interdisciplinary knowledge base, focusing on prevention as well as remediation of problems, and maintaining a commitment to improving the overall quality of life of service populations. The Human Services profession is one which promotes improved service delivery systems by addressing not only the quality of direct services, but also by seeking to improve accessibility, accountability, and coordination among professionals and agencies in service delivery. (http://www.nationalhumanservices.org/what-is-human-services). Human services professional is a generic term for people who hold professional and paraprofessional jobs in such diverse settings as group homes and halfway houses; correctional, intellectual disability, and community mental health centers; family, child, and youth service agencies, and programs concerned with alcoholism, drug abuse, family violence, and aging. Depending on the employment setting and the kinds of clients served there, job titles and duties vary a great deal. The primary purpose of the human services professional is to assist individual and communities to function as effectively as possible in the major domains of living. A strong desire to help others is an important consideration for a job as a human services worker. Individuals who show patience, understanding, and caring in their dealings with others are highly valued by employers. Other important personal traits include communication skills, a strong sense of responsibility, and the ability to manage time effectively. (http://www.nationalhumanservices.org/what-is-human-services). When you think about it we all are in the human service field in some way or another, helping someone across the street, picking up something someone dropped for them, helping for the holidays, these are all ways of helping your fellow man/woman. The bigger difference is the profession of human service goes further to do this every day not just on a random whim. When it comes to helping a family on the brink of splitting up because abuse, violence, or  any other unthinkable act against a child will you help or just turn a cold shoulder, a human service worker has made a choice to put themselves as an advocate for the child/family to intervene and provide a safe haven or way out and away from the problem. When looking at Todd and Reggie, they really are going through a lot separately let alone together as a couple. You know off the bat that this will not be a quick couple of sessions and call it a day, these guys have a lot of things going on from death to substance abuse to being homosexual, which has been not as taboo as it has been in the past few years. The need separate counseling to air out their own personal issues then once that has been dealt with then try tackling couples therapy. Categories give order to life, and every day, we group other people into categories based on social and other characteristics. This is the foundation of stereotypes, prejudice and, ultimately, discrimination. A stereotype is an exaggerated belief, image or distorted truth about a person or group — a generalization that allows for little or no individual differences or social variation. Stereotypes are based on images in mass media, or reputations passed on by parents, peers and other members of society. Stereotypes can be positive or negative. A prejudice is an opinion, prejudgment or attitude about a group or its individual members. A prejudice can be positive, but in our usage refers to a negative attitude. Many of the prejudices and discrimination are passed down to the other generations. When the media and parents perpetuate degrading stereotypes and images about certain groups of people tend to discriminate others who belong to such groups. People with authoritarian personalities tend to prejudice as well since their thinking has its base on unconscious fears. Ethnocentrism makes people to evaluate other peoples culture based on their own and they are usually suspicious of outsiders. Group closure which involves keeping clear boundaries between groups with different characteristics could be another cause. The conflict theory suggests that the people who belong to the majority, the high social class and the privileged groups try very hard to hold on such positions. Any kind of competition especially from the minority can bring violence and conflict between them. In America, for example, black patients may go to a white counselor with negative expectations and biases. A recommendation to them would be to seek grief, alcohol, and substance abuse counseling aside from what they are getting. There may also be other programs Reggie could  look into for employment help as he is not really finding anything with the STARS program. It seems as if Reggie and Todd may need time apart before they can become a couple, They really need to sit down and be honest with each other and see if this really going anywhere or are they just hanging on in hopes something changes for the better. Resources http://www.nationalhumanservices.org/what-is-human-services http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199805/where-bias-begins-the-truth-about-stereotypes

Empathic, Virtual, Real-Time Methodologies :: essays research papers

Empathic, Virtual, Real-Time Methodologies Symbiotic technology and thin clients have garnered improbable interest from both analysts and cyberinformaticians in the last several years. After years of typical research into superblocks, we disprove the synthesis of the UNIVAC computer, which embodies the intuitive principles of cryptography [18,16]. In order to overcome this grand challenge, we use empathic methodologies to disprove that e-business and linked lists can interfere to realize this goal. Table of Contents 1) Introduction 2) Related Work 3) Model 4) Implementation 5) Results 5.1) Hardware and Software Configuration 5.2) Experimental Results 6) Conclusion 1 Introduction The understanding of sensor networks is a confusing quandary. The notion that futurists agree with virtual technology is often well-received. Continuing with this rationale, given the current status of knowledge-based archetypes, analysts obviously desire the refinement of multi-processors, which embodies the compelling principles of steganography. Therefore, the UNIVAC computer and extreme programming are regularly at odds with the visualization of 802.11 mesh networks. Unfortunately, this solution is fraught with difficulty, largely due to interposable algorithms. Although conventional wisdom states that this question is regularly fixed by the study of lambda calculus, we believe that a different method is necessary. We view theory as following a cycle of four phases: storage, creation, prevention, and synthesis. Even though existing solutions to this obstacle are satisfactory, none have taken the robust approach we propose in this position paper. To our knowledge, our work in this work marks the first framework evaluated specifically for electronic information. We emphasize that JUBA enables 64 bit architectures. We view computationally disjoint machine learning as following a cycle of four phases: provision, construction, allowance, and study. Existing mobile and atomic algorithms use event-driven information to deploy object-oriented languages [16]. Therefore, we see no reason not to use client-server archetypes to measure RPCs. In our research we verify that virtual machines and public-private key pairs are entirely incompatible. Similarly, the flaw of this type of approach, however, is that scatter/gather I/O and massive multiplayer online role-playing games are generally incompatible. For example, many applications refine concurrent technology. As a result, JUBA creates interactive technology. The roadmap of the paper is as follows. First, we motivate the need for object-oriented languages. Next, we confirm the study of XML. to solve this issue, we introduce a replicated tool for constructing link-level acknowledgements (JUBA), arguing that Markov models and scatter/gather I/O can cooperate to accomplish this mission. Ultimately, we conclude. 2 Related Work Our solution is related to research into the exploration of DNS, symbiotic methodologies, and the improvement of web browsers.

Rhetorical Analysis Essay

â€Å"The Collapse of Big Media: The Young and the Restless† was written by David T. Z. Mindich was former assignment editor at CNN, has placed his roots back into the show era, and published in Spring of 2005 as an article in a magazine, Wilson Quarterly. Mindich’s article spoke about the decline of reading newspapers and watching the news and his reasons behind this conclusion. He used his article to inform and educated his audience. He claimed that if people become more informed about the world around them that they will be able to make better choices about who and what they vote for and therefore the people will have more control. Mindich shows that ethos, pathos; through his audience about the collapse of the newspaper and generation is losing interest in the news. David T. Z. Mindich is currently a professor of journalism and mass communication at St. Michael‟s College in Colchester, Vermont. Due to his past experience with CNN he has a lot of experience with what goes on in the news world and this qualifies him to write about this topic, the decline or collapse of the media. â€Å"The Young and the Restless† draws the attention of a specific audience. They are those who viewed the popular soap opera called, â€Å"The Young and the Restless† in the 1970s and 1980s, or those who are in their 50s and 60s age range today. He also refers to time specific events that generation would be familiar with such as the Cold War and newscasters that they would know, like Walter Cronkite and Peter Jennings. He mentions this age group as the â€Å"median age of network television news viewers† (Mindich 174). He is speaking to those people. The author is appealing to the readers mainly through their logic and emotion. Though, he does appeal to them through ethics as well. To appeal to the logos part of the readers he uses many statistics to help them see how big the collapse in media or news viewing really was. Almost three-quarters of the age of 34-37 year olds read the newspaper in 1972.Today only a third of people that age read the newspaper daily. The capability of parents to monitoring what their children are watching has decreased. Mindich has states that, â€Å"in 1970, six percent of all sixth graders had TVs in their bedrooms; today that number is an astonishing 77 percent. If you are in sixth grade and sitting alone in your bedroom, you’re probably not watching Peter Jennings†. Between 1944 and 2001, news and politics that interest young people had changed greatly, and when major events occurred, such as the Vietnam War and the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, draws interests from young people. Mindich shows how extensive this lack and declined in civic involvement through the news is when he discusses a survey conducted in 2004 during the presidential elections in which people were asked the question, â€Å"Do you happen to know which of the presidential candidates served as an army general?† â€Å"42 percent of the over-50 crowd could name Wesley Clark. Only 13 percent of those under 30 could.† (Mindich 127).† The author makes his readers or audiences feel (pathos) bad for the editors and publishers in the media because of the declining trends: â€Å"When they aren’t reassuring themselves, editors and publishers are lying awake at night thinking about the dismaying trends of recent decades† (Mindich 174). By this he brings them back to their past experiences and emotions by remembering events from their pasts such as Walter Cronkite’s news report on the Vietnam War in February 1968 that â€Å"shook the nation† (Mindich 175) and captivated his audience. Those who heard that news report would remember exactly how that particular report influenced their lives and realize that not watching the news does leave one in the dark. He really draws them in through emotions by explaining that if we no longer need mainstream news media then we are losing what they have to offer. Through the media we get to see various points of view on world issues. We get to weigh the options presented and make educated decisions based on what we have learned. Mindich has similar concerns regarding the television news viewer ship. In the past, the news was of the most interest among the people who had TV’s in their household. That’s not the same trend anymore. It is then assumable that many of the modern era people might be getting the news from the internet. However, in a survey, only about 18 percent of Americans post their primary news source as online according to the Pew Internet and American Life Project and Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. And it is suggested that if someone is not in agreement with the above research, they only need to wander into a computer lab at the local college, high school, or libraries to see what the students have on their screen. The author is convincing the audience his creditability source that is worth listening (ethos). Mindich used a lot of research and statistics to get his point across to his audience. He used startling facts that compare the public interest of the 1970’s right after Vietnam, and to public interests of now. With the statistics that are provided, it helped play a powerful portion of the article achieve its point. One such statistic is that, â€Å"in 1972, nearly half of 18-22 year old read a newspaper every day. According to research conducted by Wollfram Peiser, a scholar who studies newspaper readership. Today, less than a quarter doâ€Å"(Mindich 174). The author wants the audience to become more informed in political news, and gives some ideas as to how it can incorporate that in with our family life. With the decline in the news audience it is a cultural crisis. The state of news is how we obtain an interesting place. Many news executives see the change in the number of people who watch, and read the news, and are scared. The author also says that the news industry is relying on the home, that one day the kids will hopefully comeback around. If the cut in the news audience continues, who will knows where we can get our information from. If we make change something slightly, and try not to become so worried with reality television and other things, than we could still perhaps have a staring place of reliable and informational news later on. The author has both strengths and weaknesses. Mindich makes an excellent point throughout his essay, one with which many people would agree, majority of his argument is well reasoned and well worded. Some of his greatest strengths are the statistics he uses. He presents a picture of the past to help the reader to see how things truly compare to the present. He talks about up events that happened throughout time that has impacted our nation and the world in very huge ways. With this it really helps the readers to bond and picture how the downfall in the media can really affect the world. On the other hand his weakness is his inability to connect with young readers. It is the young adults that are the problem and yet he is writing to the generation that already watches and/or reads the news regularly. This is ineffective since his purpose is to increase awareness of the importance of the news and get people to begin taking interest in the news and media so that they can make more informed choices. The degrading health of news media is a threat to political life itself. In the modern democratic era, majority of Americans, young and old have little interaction with mainstream news media that are building blocks democratic society. Mindich assures that from a collective effort of reporters, editors, producers, and media business executives will change the fate of the American democracy about the value and necessity of vigorous news media. Works Cited Mindich, David T. Z. â€Å"The Collapse of Big Media: The Young and the Restless.† Comp. Lester Faigley. Backpack Writing. 3rd ed. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2008. 174-78. Print.

‘Blessing’ with ‘Island Man’ Essay

Compare ‘Blessing’ with ‘Island Man’ showing how the poets use description to convey the thoughts and feelings of the characters in the poems. ‘Blessing’ and ‘Island Man’ are two very different poems. The theme of ‘Blessing’ revolves around people in a third-world country, who get very little water given to them. A blessing in their eyes occurs when a pipe bursts. ‘Island Man’, however, is about a man from the Caribbean who is now in London, but dreams he was still living in his homeland, even though he wakes up back in London. While the poem’s themes are dissimilar, the poems are both very descriptive, and the poets use description to help us empathise further with their characters. The structure of the poem ‘Blessing’ is quite irregular. The first stanza is a mere two lines: it sets the scene. The next two stanzas increase in length before becoming smaller again at the last stanza. This helps us to picture how, in the beginning, there are only a few drops of water available however when the pipe bursts in the third stanza, the verse size increases along with how much water there is. Also, in the third stanza, commas are omitted in the line ‘every man woman child’ to show the urgency of everyone in the village, who seize this opportunity to grab water. Imtiaz Dharker does use commas however when describing the different materials that the pots are made of. This makes it seem as if, even though Dharker only describes five vessels, there are a multitude of pots and buckets being used. Throughout the third stanza, the lines are free-flowing, and run into each other like the water which is being described. ‘Island Man’s structure is also a fairly irregular one. Lines such as ‘groggily groggily’ and ‘to surge of wheels’ are placed away from the main poem; this gives a sense of confusion, like the man who has just woken up and is still not quite sure where he is. To add to this effect, the lengths of lines in each stanza vary and this gives a muddled or sleepy feel to the poem. The last line ‘Another London day’ is on its own to show that the man has finally come out of the dream, and he is jolted back into reality. Another short line appears at very beginning of the poem. The one-word, staccato sentence shows how the island man has suddenly woken up. ‘Blessing’ uses very descriptive language to convey how the characters are feeling or thinking. Throughout the poem, there are subtle references to church or religion. Using words such as ‘congregation’ or ‘a kindly god’ make the reader feel as if the water is a gift from God. This is amplified by the fact that the poem is called ‘Blessing’, which is a spiritual word and often associated with God and religion. There are more implications that the water is a gift from God, such as when the poem says ‘the flow has found’. This shows that the water finds the people, instead of it being vice versa – it sounds miraculous, because the people didn’t choose for all this water to come at once but it was greatly longed for. Dharker also conveys how important the water is to them by describing it as ‘silver’ instead of just water, and ‘sudden rush of fortune’ to show that in their country, water is extremely rare and never taken for granted. Words with negative connotations for us such as ‘screaming’ and ‘roar’ are turned around in this poem and used to a positive effect. In the last stanza, the phrase ‘flashing light’ could show how water is such a light to these people’s lives and a novelty to them, on the other hand it could also show that the flow of water is slowing down now, and it is only in spurts or flashes but still looks like light. ‘Island Man’ also contains very powerful language. In the first stanza alone there are many interesting word choices. The word ‘wombing’ conveys how comforting and secure the Caribbean seems to the man. It is linked to him feeling safer at his place of birth rather than a bustling city like London. Colour is used several times in the first stanza as well: ‘blue’ for surf, ’emerald’ for the island vegetation and ‘grey’ for the traffic of London. This gives a very strong image in the reader’s mind. ‘Wild seabirds’ is a very natural image which gives a strong contrast with other descriptions such as ‘dull North Circular’ – it shows how artificial London is in comparison to the Caribbean. Some ambiguous words have been chosen too, such as ‘soar’ and ‘roar’. These are ambiguous because they could easily apply to the Caribbean sea, or the London traffic. Various poetic techniques are put to good use in ‘Blessing’. The first one that becomes apparent is the use of end stopped lines. These keep the sentence to the point and fairly literal, which is important when they are used to set the scene, as seen in the first stanza of ‘Blessing’. Imagery is frequently used too, such as ‘liquid sun’ and this adds to the feeling of heat in the poem, helping us to realise how important the water is to the characters. Onomatopoeia is used in the line ‘drip of it, the small splash’ and this is used to give a clearer picture of what is happening in the poem. Another technique used is alliteration. One example of this is the phrase ‘polished to perfection’ which helps the reader to picture the scene. Also, ambiguity features in ‘Blessing’ in the phrases ‘highlights’. While we would tend to think that highlights refers to your hair, in this country the children ar e not as superficial as we are. The highlights probably refers to their skin being changed colour by the reflecting sun and water. This inconclusive word gives a sense of mystery to the last stanza, and it makes it seem like a cliff-hanger ending. ‘Island Man’ shares some of ‘Blessing’s poetic techniques such as the use of metaphors, in ‘pillow waves’. This shows how island man’s dreams of sea comfort him in his sleep. Virtually no punctuation is used in ‘Island Man’ to show how relaxed the personality of the man is, however a capital letter is used to mark a turning point in the poem. It is used in ‘Comes back to sands’ to show that now, the island man is back in London physically and mentally. Grace Nichols relies on sound to make an effective contrast: she makes a clear difference between the breaking of the surf and the roar of the traffic. In conclusion, while these two poems are basically about two very different things, they share many descriptive techniques. I definitely enjoyed both of the poems, but ‘Island Man’ is the one I prefer. I find it quite easy to relate to because I’ve had many dreams I haven’t wanted to wake up from, and even though I live in a city, the huge amounts of traffic is sometimes daunting to me, as it is to the island man. I found ‘Blessing’ harder to relate to, as a lack of water isn’t something we generally experience in this country. However, the poem makes you want to not take things for granted which I think is a moving sentiment.

Free Essays on Church In The Middle Ages

a brief description to help the reader better understand its meaning. Another aspect of Logan’s writing that I enjoyed was the way he was able to relate historical issues to the present day. He was quick to admit when historical accuracy might not have been fully accounted for, so he does not pretend to be â€Å"all-knowing† and have proof of his claims. He occasionally gives his opinions on certain situations, but mainly gives factual information. His writing is not the most elegant and artistic. I would say he uses more names, dates, and facts that makes recall somewhat difficult given the large portion of events he speaks of. Basically, I think Logan tried to squeeze the whole Middle Ages in to one small book. This was too much information for him to be elaborate on. I will now take you through the book to help illustrate what I mean. The Eleventh century brought about a need for reform in the Christian religion. The central belief that the â€Å"original sin† of Adam weakens human nature made man fearful of failure. In a time when the shape of the Christian church was in question, the crusades acted as a battle to separate the power in the medieval church. The traditional names given to the movements were the ‘Gregorian Reform’ or the â€Å"Hildenbrandine Reform.’ Both names of which the author says are misguiding and inappropriate. They refer to Pope Gregory VII, who while played a major role, should not be given full credit Martin 2 for the refor... Free Essays on Church In The Middle Ages Free Essays on Church In The Middle Ages Martin 1 A History of the Church in the Middle Ages, by Donald F. Logan takes its readers on a historical tour of medieval times. The author does a great job using different stories to emphasize the impact that the church and state had on shaping this period. Issues such as reform, heresy, corruption, disease, death, education, conquests, and the profiles of key individuals are all discussed and analyzed by Logan. He does a commendable job giving unfamiliar words a brief description to help the reader better understand its meaning. Another aspect of Logan’s writing that I enjoyed was the way he was able to relate historical issues to the present day. He was quick to admit when historical accuracy might not have been fully accounted for, so he does not pretend to be â€Å"all-knowing† and have proof of his claims. He occasionally gives his opinions on certain situations, but mainly gives factual information. His writing is not the most elegant and artistic. I would say h e uses more names, dates, and facts that makes recall somewhat difficult given the large portion of events he speaks of. Basically, I think Logan tried to squeeze the whole Middle Ages in to one small book. This was too much information for him to be elaborate on. I will now take you through the book to help illustrate what I mean. The Eleventh century brought about a need for reform in the Christian religion. The central belief that the â€Å"original sin† of Adam weakens human nature made man fearful of failure. In a time when the shape of the Christian church was in question, the crusades acted as a battle to separate the power in the medieval church. The traditional names given to the movements were the ‘Gregorian Reform’ or the â€Å"Hildenbrandine Reform.’ Both names of which the author says are misguiding and inappropriate. They refer to Pope Gregory VII, who while played a major role, should not be given full credit Martin 2 for the refor...

Abu Dhabi Airport Company Tourism Essay Example

Abu Dhabi Airport Company Tourism Essay Example Abu Dhabi Airport Company Tourism Essay Abu Dhabi Airport Company Tourism Essay Abu Dhabi Airport Company ( ADAC ) is in the Capital of UAE. ADAC is one of the biggest operator of Airports in the UAE. It was been established in March 2006. It is governed and owned by the UAE authorities itself. Headquarter of the company is in Dubai i.e. Abu Dhabi International Airport. This company when created kept few really of import things ever in their head. Abu Dhabi Airport Company besides operates the biggest Al Ain International Airport, the first private jet airdrome i.e. Al Bateen Executive Airport and in the Western Al Gharbia Region it operates Sir Bani Yas Island and Delma Island Airports. Board of Directors: The members of Board of Directors for Abu Dhabi Airport Company are as follows: H. E. Khalifa Mohamed Al Mazrouei Chairman A ; Managing Director HE Mubarak Hamad Al Muhairi Board Member HE Rashid Bin Lahij Al Mansouri Board Member HE Fahed Gharib Al Shamsi Board Member HE Mohamed Sultan Al Hameli Board Member HE Khalifa Mohamed Al Mazrouei is the Abu Dhabi Airports Company s Chairman and Managing Director. He takes attention and supervises the operation and direction of services at five airdromes in the Emirate. At ADAC, he helps and decides the manner for enlargement in substructure and installations taking topographic point in the emirate s air power sector. Organization Chart General Overview Abu Dhabi Airport Company ( ADAC ) is one of the largest operator in UAE of airdromes and it has the five most of import airdromes under its direction which are Abu Dhabi International which is anyways one of the largest, Al Bateen Executive, Al Ain International, Sir Bani Yas Island and Delma Island Airport. All of the five are being operated by ADAC. It has been Abu Dhabi Government s primary plus and is a multi-billion dollar investing undertaking. Traveling frontward they have now decided to develop a figure of concern and logistics Parkss in commercial sector. Abu Dhabi Airports Company is a public joint-stock company being constitutional by Emiri Decree figure 5, of 4th March 06, to forefront the development in the universe of the Emirates air power industry. It maintains, Operate and mandate airdromes substructure and its installations in the best manner to world-class criterions. ADAC oversees airdrome services given by private houses and other stakeholders in the best manner . Emirates airdromes are besides provided with proficient and direction services to allow or may be better than any other international criterions of efficiency. Run free zones has besides been established. ADACs creative activity was together with an ambitious restructuring enterprise that was launched by the Abu Dhabi s Government and it aimed at presenting better authorities services non merely to back up the Emirates long-run scheme but besides to transform it into a Centre for transporting out concern and touristry. This did assist them to increase the touristry in the state. They keep on bettering themselves to run into the international criterions and seek to keep it. Abu Dhabi Airport Company ( ADAC ) even after being one of the largest companies still believes in following six chief schemes. They are: Safety and security: This is the foundation upon on which all other advancement are based and therefore they are dependent with ADAC s end which non merely ensures that the airdromes it manages and operates are specified as amongst the safest in the universe but is besides the most convenient, dependable, and enjoyable airdrome. They are really serious and rigorous about the safety and security of the airdromes. This is one of the grounds of people wishing to pass through from their airdrome. There are regular and everyday cheques which guarantee that everything is perfectly all right in and near the airdromes. Customer service: Abu Dhabi Airport Company ( ADAC ) is very certain and confident when it comes to client service. They believe in quality than measure. Their committedness to client service is chiefly built on the companies promise to and towards the customers/passengers and air hoses that they will supply most safe and unafraid environments from which they can go. This makes the clients most satisfied and hence they travel tension free from this airdrome. Meeting capacity demands: Meeting Capacity demands had ever been an issue for many airdromes companies. Their prognosis says that by 2015 they would hold about 20 million customers/passengers pass throughing through Abu Dhabi International Airport entirely. To do this successful and to run into these capacities of theodolite is their precedence. They have set a big graduated table development programme to do this successful and do its airdrome s equipped with world-class installations. Efficient operation: ADAC s focal point on efficient operation means it puts a focal point on operating and pull offing its assets to optimum consequence and, from its origin it has employed a series of private sector partnerships, joint ventures or franchise understandings, every bit good as pulling on its internal endowment and experient executives which help them to accomplish the efficiencies and quality ADAC seeks and its clients expect. They are really peculiar about this. Corporate societal duty: ADAC is really peculiar about Corporate Social responsibilities excessively. They have hence employed people from different sectors to do this successful. Developing ADAC as a universe category company: ADAC s aspiration as other companies is to go a first company that leads in best pattern of supplying best service both in the UAE and internationally. This means they want to pull the best spouses from all over the universe every bit good as guarantee the highest degree of internal procedure and criterions. In the short clip Abu Dhabi Airport Company has received a figure of important and celebrated awards from regional and international organic structures, which includes: The best airdrome in the Middle East and Africa , in footings of service quality, courtesy and client service by The Airports Council International ( ACI ) , The Best Supplier of Airport Security Services in the Middle East by ITP Business Publishing, Supplier of the Best Baggage Delivery Service in the World from Skytrax, The Best Station award by Sri Lanka Airlines, Airport Service Quality Awards 2008 by The Airports Council International ( ACI ) and In-flight Catering Quality Assurance ( ICQA ) Gold Standard Award for 2008 by IATA. Competitive Advantage There are many advantages of the Aviation industry. It s a flourishing industry presently. There is a immense growing which has been found in the traveling of people through Airways. ADAC is one of the biggest airdrome authorization in UAE, which makes and gives it a better advantage in footings of supplying service and spread outing. International Expansion for the company After making so much ADAC now wants to turn as international operator and proprietor of the airdromes. They had been successful in the UAE. Now they want to spread out themselves and do them successful in the World. In footings of riders ( +34 % in Q1:2008 ) , infrastructural development, and acquiring new air hose operators, ADAC is one of the best turning airdromes in the universe. The airdrome is now undergoing a major enlargement and the entire sum earmarked for undertakings is US $ 6.8 billion. They should now be believing of going an international proprietor of airdromes. They have done really good in the current concern and now should travel for globalisation. Expansion in European state: France Harmonizing to me they should now be spread outing their concern in France one of the most of import state in European market. This would give them entree to the European market. France is situated in the Western Europe. It has several abroad districts and islands which are located on the other continents of the universe. This would give ADAC an entree to major parts of the universe. Because of its form France is besides known as lHexagone ( The Hexagon ) . It is bordered by most of import states. They are Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Italy and Monaco etc. Not merely is this but France besides linked to the United Kingdom through the Channel Tunnel. France portions its boundary line Gallic Guiana with Suriname and Brazil, and through Saint Martin with The Netherlands. France is the largest west-European state and possesses second-largest Exclusive Economic Zone in the universe. One of the of import establishing members of European Union is France. In the Europe it has got strong economic, cultural, military every bit good as political influence. France colonized i.e. took over great parts of North America during late nineteenth Century. The Legal, Technological and Political Factors: Before you really plan or think of traveling globally i.e. globalisation in any another state you should be look intoing the Legal, technological and political factors impacting that state. You should be certain that there is no regulation or policy which can impede the growing of your company in that state. Once you are clear about these factors you should so get down working towards globalisation. The political factors Before you plan of traveling your concern to France you have to look into many things which include the Legal, Technological and the Political Factors. When we talk about the political factors we talk about the revenue enhancement. The sort of Tax France has may be a existent factor that any approaching concern should believe about. It can either make your concern or can destruct it wholly. Along with this the labour cost is a bit high in France as compared with the UK and USA. The high revenue enhancement degree can be harmful for any new concern, nevertheless it could be reduced by good set uping the company, which means set uping the company in all, the advantages and possible net income brought by the proposed concern mostly overweight the disadvantages. How to set up the new company to accomplish success Since start an airdrome company is existent and besides involves more net income, it still necessitate see the manner to exert this concern activity with refering Legal factor, Technology factor and Social civilization. Once these are in the topographic point and are been taken really earnestly things can be easy. The legal factor France has many international Airports. As they already have airdromes therefore spread outing concern in France would non be so hard. France believes in civil jurisprudence system which is based on Roman jurisprudence and with significant trust on statute jurisprudence. There are 7 common company manners in France. ( Gordon C, 1996 ) The most popular manners are the Societe Anonyme ( SA ) and the Societe a Responsabilite Limitee ( SARL ) signifier every bit good as the Societe en Nom Collecitif ( SNC ) . To a new little house, SARL manner might be more favourable for following three grounds: SARL and SA signifier has limited liability i.e. the liability to their capital part is really limited, where as SNC has unlimited liability. Hence even if you have maximum hazard still and if in instance the concern prostrations still SARL can protect the laminitiss of the company and can profit them. Besides with limited liability of house s legal construction compared with that of SA manner, SARL is non composed to put up board of managers, which means, one bed could be removed within the company design. Third, SARL minimum capital registry required is a‚Â ¬9,000 about as compared with SA signifier. Therefore based on accounting cognition and the nonsubjective legal system, for a new start little concern, SARL construction will be more favourable. The societal civilization and technological factor Whenever you plan any new concern activities you need to concern about specific civilization background and the engineering available. So when a new start company designs their occupation and construction, they must be certain and should pay more attending to these factors since one time these agreements created, altering them will be really hard. In a really existent sense power and authorization within the organisation prevarication with the owner/manager. Infrastructure Features When we say substructure it means the substructure required to spread out the concern in that state. France is ready to give surplus of substructure demands in their state if any company wants to spread out their concern in France. Once you have planned your schemes of come ining into the France market you get entree to their merchandises. Fiscal Consideration This is once more a really of import factor to be kept in head for globalisation. It is really of import to cognize the fiscal standing of the state you are be aftering to spread out into. When we talk about France they have the capacity to pass. A good ball of the entire population in France has the capacity to gain and pass large. Labor Factors: This would assist you to understand the cost of getting/hiring Labor in that state. France has a strong base in Education. Hence Labor would non be an issue in that state. Demographic factors Traveling back to the twelvemonth 1999, the population of France was 58,518,748. The population in France was low as compared to other states in the Western Europe. To maintain the population up and better, household allowances were distributed to each family/child, and that was without any limitation on income. The mobility of population from urban to rural countries and from part to France part is a batch which makes things better for them. Social Division: We can non deny the fact that there are many factors which has improved the criterion of life of France a batch. At the same clip it besides been observed that they are making a wider societal division in footings of fiscal power across the society. After the Second World War the old societal order changed. The enlargement of in-between Class household in France reduced the difference between the equality of wealth about in many societal groups. In today s universe money, power and success are playing major function above birth in finding a individual s societal position.The another major alteration that took topographic point in France is the adult females function growing in the present society. Merely by early 1970s, adult females besides started taking occupations in many service sectors this spread outing the service sector. Today in France adult females contribute about 45.9 per centum of all employed Gallic workers. Even though adult females are being paid less than work forces still the unemployment ratio of Women are much less than that of the work forces. It s besides been noticed that adult females have played a turning function in political relations. There are many fit illustrations of adult females who pursued successful callings in political relations. Even though they are turning about in every sector still it s been noticed that their representation in the national parliament is lower. There are many societal divisions which still remain seeable in France. It s composed largely of many taking politicians, some most senior civil retainers, turning concern leaders, and affluent households which still got a strong clasp on the levers of power. Nowadays in-between categories are extremely stratified. When we talk about the white-collar workers, there are chiefly two different groups. They are: Up, Successful mobile senior executives and extremely professional who have good disbursement power and got really stable Jobs. Peoples in retail, clerical and nutrient and drink occupations are turning in mass and their criterion of life is still non up to the grade. They still live low standard life. Out of these blue-collared families you have a really little proportion of university pupils. Class consciousness is still really strong in France. Symbolic capital plays a big and major function in the societal category, and non merely wealth but besides the household connexions and their lifestyle find one s societal place and chances in France. Family construction Families are still the anchor of Gallic individuality and the community life. Though may be these yearss twosomes marry subsequently and would wait longer to hold kids. May be in bigger towns this would be altering but throughout France you can see large households traveling out for Lunch together or may be for a field day or taking portion together is some sort of athletics and leisure. If we talk about little small towns or town, it s truly non difficult to retrieve any two or more people related to each other. The basic unit of Gallic society traditionally is household. Nuclear households are now been found in France, earlier it was extended households. Merely after the World War II this is been noticed. However matrimonies have decreased which has besides resulted in addition in divorce in France. Market Features: Entering into the market of France is non so hard. What matters is the enlargement in the right manner and right signifier. The market of France for Aviations seems to be really positive. Harmonizing to the World Bank Data French economic system is among the 20 most productive in the universe. France has a strong base of educational system. A big per centum of immature Gallic people complete a grade in university every twelvemonth which means it provides a big figure of educated and trained persons every twelvemonth. Along with this the political aid is once more the chief ground of thought of spread outing concern in France. Not merely this, the economic system besides provides figure of strengths to proprietors who are believing and idea of spread outing their concern in France. France has been ranked the 21st most concern friendly state in 2010 by Forbes ; whereas World Bank has ranked it the 26th best state. They are utilizing progress engineering which makes this clear that they are turning and are really positive in allowing others get their concern and expand in the state. The Gallic people exposed to low corruptness, strong base of instruction, personal freedom and a high quality of life. Many Companies who planned to spread out their concern in France have great entree to the educated persons and foreign employees which is done through the state s rank in the European Union. It takes around 7 yearss merely to get down a concern in France even though revenue enhancements are really high as compared to many other European Countries. ( Tian, 2010 ) Section 3 Cultural Factors Cultural factors are once more really of import and have to be kept in head before you plan any state for spread outing your concern in that state Language The linguistic communication spoken in France is chiefly Gallic. It is their first linguistic communication is every bit been used by about 88 % of the population. Some of them do speak German but the per centum would be about 3 % of the population merely. Another linguistic communication which is spoken in France is Flemish which is merely 0.2 % of the Gallic population. Very few of them besides speak Arabic. In Dubai, Arabic is their official linguistic communication. However, everyone in Dubai would be able to talk in English. You would happen all street marks are in both English and Arabic linguistic communication. You would happen about everyone speech production in English in Dubai as it s easier for them to pass on. Not merely in professional and corporate evidences besides in societal and personal evidences, would you happen people talking in English than in any other linguistic communication. ( Social Culture ) Religion While speaking about France you would happen around 83 % to 88 % Roman Catholic, about 2 % would be the Protestant, 1 % ( approx ) Jewish, and 5 % to 10 % Muslim. In Dubai it s about opposite. You would happen about most of people are Muslims as Dubai is in the United Arab Emirates. They merely belief in Islam and there are Mosques scattered everyplace in the City. You would be able to hear supplications 5 times about every twenty-four hours, which are busiest on Fridays. Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions This is the survey in which you analyze how civilization influence values in the organisations. The manner of concern communicating in France is really formal. They liked to be called as Monsieur or Madame followed by the family name. They believe in interacting in this manner merely. If you know their national civilization they might so travel towards the usage of first name. They do believe in agitating custodies and caressing is common non merely among friends but even concern spouses may travel in that way. They are really sensitive about their female parent lingua i.e. Gallic. If you do non cognize even a spot of Gallic it could be really hard for you. National civilization affect on operations of the organisation National civilization plays a major function in spread outing or destructing your concern. Your concern does depend on the sort of civilization the state you are be aftering to spread out is following. As we are speaking about France here their civilization is really formal and they believe in speech production in Gallic. In the beginning it might be hard to spread out at a fast rate but one time you mingle with the state it would be really easy to travel farther. Market Entry Strategy As the word says, it merely means supplying service to a peculiar market and administering goods at that place. Traveling concern to France would non be so hard if the schemes are planned good in progress before doing it a world. When you start exporting or importing goods you are really set uping and pull offing contracts in foreign. There are chiefly four ways which are: Exporting: Exporting merely means directing the merchandises outside the state to the coveted state through any manner of transit. It means the merchandise is been developed in the original state and is merely been sent to the targeted state. The targeted company is importing the merchandises from the bring forthing companies state. Licensing: Licensing means you have the licence to do and bring forth merchandises in the targeted state. In simple words the targeted state has allowed to utilize their belongings and to make the same you need to pay some kind of Tax. Joint Ventures: It means that you open in partnership and the spouse is a occupant of the targeted state. This take topographic point largely when targeted state does non let license straight to the company instead ask to convey a spouse and so open the concern. Direct Investing: Foreign Direct Investment besides known as FDI is the direct ownership of installations and merchandises in the targeted state. It involves many factors like capital, engineering and personal. ( Market Entry ) Marketing Strategy that ADAC should use: ADAC should travel for Joint Venture as that would offer them a safe entry in the targeted state which is France. This would assist them to acquire the most of import resource which is employees who would be able to talk fluid Gallic. This would assist them to increase the concern to the extent they are be aftering to. Decision The quickly turning air power and touristry has created a demand for new tracks and airdromes. This is the right clip when companies like ADAC should be believing of spread outing their concern every bit much as they can but safely. They should be spread outing the concern but by keeping the quality of their service. There following state where they should spread out their concern should be France as it helps them in many ways. It gives them entree to about major parts of the World. This should assist them to turn bigger and bigger in approaching yearss.

Zombie Spice and Drakulas Blood The Halloween Happening [Interview]

Zombie Spice and Drakulas Blood The Halloween Happening [Interview] Halloween is coming! This year we decided to break the rules of usual Halloween posts and make them in the more interesting format. We want to find out how different people from different universities, even countries, celebrate Halloween. And the best way to find it out is to ask them share their stories. Today the interviewee is Katy Gilroy, a 19-year-old student from University of Chester, UK. She studies Journalism and Creative Writing. Apart from studying, she also has her personal blog, writes and publishes poetry and is a massive fan of Shakespeare. We decided to start from the most general question to find out Katys attitude to Halloween: How do you feel about Halloween and everything related to it? I love Halloween! I think its one of those occasions that everyone can get involved the way they want to, and it brings people together in such a fun way. Even if its something as simple as having a bowl of sweets next to your front door, theres an aspect of Halloween for everyone. Right! Its good to hear that a person from UK loves Halloween, which is considered primarily US holiday. How is Halloween observed in Britain? I do think Halloween is a more American tradition; it is celebrated a lot more over there than it is here in Britain. For example, in US I know people have decorations up right the way through November, whereas in Britain we tend not to put our pumpkins out until a few day before Halloween itself. So you do celebrate Halloween. Could you tell more about your Halloween traditions? Which of them do you find interesting? I think one of the best traditions is trick or treating. When I was younger, my mum would take my brother and I out along with a few friends, all of us dressed in weird and wonderful costumes anything from a princess to a kitten to a pirate, but nothing too terrifying! I loved shouting TRICK OR TREAT at whoever answered the door and seeing them pretend to jump back in horror. Now that Im older I love answering the door and seeing how excited all the kids are. Thats lovely! Youve mentioned weird costumes you had on Halloween celebrations. Which costume was you favourite? Ive dressed up for Halloween almost every year as far as I can remember, and Ive had such a huge range of costumes. Two of my favourites have been dressing as a dead school girl, and as a zombie princess. Theyre simple ideas but with a bit of imagination you can make anything look really extravagant. Now, that you are not a school girl any more, what costume would you like to wear for Halloween party and why? Id love to find a group of friends and dress up as a zombified version of the Spice Girls! Id be Baby Spice because Im blonde. Zombie Spice Girl is an awesome costume idea! You should definitely try that. Now lets move from dressing up to the actual celebration. Can you think of some fun Halloween parties youve been to? When I was younger my aunty and uncle used to have a party to celebrate both Halloween and Bonfire Night we called it Bonoween. There was always fancy dress, fireworks and food so much food. Last year at my university house we had a big Halloween party with all of our friends. There was 18 of us living there, and we each invited a few people. Our house was full of students dressed in really amazing outfits (one of my friends came dressed as Elmo!), all having fun and mingling with people they wouldnt otherwise have met. Speaking about parties.You definitely have organizing skills, as youve organized charity music festival. So, imagine that you have to organize Halloween party for your friends and fellow students. What would you like it to be like? If I was to organise my own Halloween party, Id make it a massive occasion and call it The Halloween Happening. Ideally I would hire out a venue, and cover it in fake cobwebs, paint splatters on the wall to resemble blood, and pumpkins EVERYWHERE. I think I would want to make it a party that both children and adults could enjoy, so that nobody would have to find a baby sitter or miss out on the fun. There would definitely be loads of Halloween themed food: cupcakes decorated to look like eyeballs, green jelly to look like toxic goo, and red punch to look like Draculas blood! There would definitely be no fancy dress no entry rule, and a prize for the scariest costume. Great! I am sure that would be a party of the year. So, costumes - check, party - checkwhat else is associated with Halloween? As for me, several things I associate with Halloween are: pumpkins, trick or treating, fake blood, toffee apples and witches. Pretty spooky combination (especially those of blood and toffee apples). But Halloween is meant to be a spooky fest. Lets add some more horror with your favourite films or horror stories. I absolutely love horror films, and one of my favourites is The Possession, in which a little girl becomes possessed by a demon from inside a wooden box. I also really enjoyed The Hills Run Red, which not many people have heard of! Despite being a book worm, Ive not read any books within the horror genre unless you count Frankenstein, which is a wonderful classic story. And the last question Do you think Eat, drink and be scary is the main idea of Halloween? Or should it be anything else behind the celebration? I think eat, drink and be scary is a perfect way to sum up Halloween; I dont think there is or should be any deeper reason behind the celebrations. If people are having fun and not causing any harm to anyone else then what could be wrong? Thanks for sharing your amazing Halloween story with our readers, Katy! Hopefully, you will have the unforgettable Halloween celebration this year! We wish you to keep inspiring people around with your creative ideas and radiance. Have any questions for Katy? Or want to share your unique Halloween story? Feel free to leave your message in the comments below. Also, read the interview The Secret Life of a Real Halloweener with our next guest, Jonathan Wojcik.

How diversity and multiculturalism affects my daily life Essay

How diversity and multiculturalism affects my daily life - Essay Example ing unique experiences and characteristics to the work force thus resulting in a diverse work force that is able to accomplish all the tasks effectively (Barni & Extra, 2008). Diversity and multiculturalism affects different facets of my life in the work place. First, it affects my communication ability. Due to a diverse work force, I have to advocate equal respect to the various cultures within the workplace. I have to handle each case differently so as to appear neutral and fair. Sometimes, I am forced to practice correct pronunciation of each of the colleague’s full name for each of them to feel included and not discriminated against. I have to enforce effective communication because different cultures receive information in messages through different ways and lack of effective communication can lead to great challenges (Steinberg, 2009). Diversity and multiculturalism makes me enquire more cultural information about the communities we serve so at to better our interactions with them. My knowledge of the cultural differences as well as my ability to demonstrate respect for those differences has resulted in increased rapport. Secondly, diversity and multiculturalism makes advocate teamwork within the task force. I often encourage fellow Sheriffs to work together for a common cause. It enables me to make a conscious effort in my mind in each situation to treat all people and segment of society fairly and objectively. I usually incorporate elements of inclusion and diversity and strict stance on harassment s well as intolerance for any form of discrimination. I daily advocate a policy of encouraging the maintenance of cultural diversity within the work force. Thirdly, it affects how I treat people. I often direct my effort towards building coalitions with people of different race, class, gender, home language, sexual orientation, and so on. This has helped in providing valuable relationships for collaborative problem-solving as well as feedback. Fourthly, it

TEN COUNSELING THEORY CONSTRUCTS Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

TEN COUNSELING THEORY CONSTRUCTS - Coursework Example The ego is on the other hand is concerned with realization of reality and it demands on someone and it is involved with reasoning. Superego is concerned with things being right or wrong. Since the personality has the id, ego and superego, it is the three that function in their own ways to result to functions of personality. The id controls ones desires and needs like the drive to eat or drink. Ego acts as the mediator of the others i.e. the id and the superego (Corey, 2008). It also mediates these two with the external world. The superego is responsible to decision making on what is right or wrong. Freud stated that a normal human being is as such on the average. He further stated that this person’s ego nears that of a psychotic in some instance or in a greater extent. He further asserted that anxiety reduction is responsible for normal traits. Freud asserted that mental illnesses develop from childhood and hugely caused by unconscious mind and motivation comes from anxiety reduction. He further said that behaviors in abnormality are exhibits of alternatives of repression. Corey (2008) states that the theory makes it clear that the human mind is dynamic and the behaviors that one exhibits if well looked into have a source that is traceable meaning that it is possible to change behavior. Freud has mentioned a number of techniques that can be used therapeutically or in Counseling. One is dream analysis where traumatic ones are referred to as routes to the unconscious. The other is Para praxes which is the slip of the pen or tongue when the unconscious interrupts the conscious mind shortly. The last is word association where the first word uttered randomly is used at a later therapeutic situation. The client needs to attend the sessions as required or agreed upon. The client is supposed to give honest information about the situation bothering them. Above all it is important for the client to give information of progress of the

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The latest technology in wireless - Essay Example In the world of wireless communication you contribute each time when you make use of your cellular telephone for calling, tune your television to a soccer game being played on a diverse continent, or listen to satellite radio despite the fact that sitting in your car. Wireless devices, collectively with smart pagers, cellular telephones, PDAs, Tablet PCs, and notebook computers with high speed internet access, make things easier and spread out your communication services. Wireless communication is not new or modern; more than hundred years ago, Guglielmo Marconi sent the earliest wireless message by means of radio waves (Shelly, Cashman and Vermaat, 2005). At the present time, Marconi’s findings consent you to attach peripherals to your computers devoid of using wires and put together a wireless network. Wireless technology has accomplished a shining impression on people and quickly has won accepted agreement wide-reaching. Even the casual examine notices remarkable transforms in the way computers users correspond devoid of wires in the home and offices. The facility to work wirelessly is well thought-out by some, as the most noteworthy preference in computing. This technology also facilitates you to check your email as you take a trip all the way through your town or other countries. Even though the wireless basis was placed more than a century ago, up to date wireless technology corresponds to a development of products and standards. Each day, there is an increase in number of wireless devices on the other hand the costs of connectivity decreases. This extraordinary eminence looks at an extensive assortment of these wireless products and demonstrates how an assortment of segments of life makes use of this technology (Shelly, Cashman and Vermaat, 2005). At the present time, there are a variety of ideas globally that try to express the 3rd generation personal communications network, which is acknowledged as a

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Accounting Assignment - Essay Example Both the Chairman’s Statement (CS) and the Chief Executive’s Review (CER) describe 2009 as a very difficult year. They both emphasized that the company’s loss before tax is a natural consequence of the drastic turnaround in the global economies. They also both affirmed the company’s commitment to do its part in combating climate change even if the prevailing adverse economic situation. They as well mention BA’s long-term goal of becoming a leader in the global arena of the airline industry. The CS tackled specific issues that pertained not just to BA but to the entire airline industry of UK. The CS is written from a point of view that sees BA as a primary industry player with respect to the rest of the industry and the business world at large. It discusses the ongoing battles for government regulations that would be favorable for the industry and for BA, the current status of BA’s talks with other airlines regarding mergers and the general trend of the world’s airline industry. The CS also talks of matters that concern BA’s shareholders such as the decision to declare no dividends and to give no bonuses to senior management for the year. In contrast, the CER covers more of BA’s internal issues. It talks of how BA’s implemented cost-cutting measures to combat ill effects of the economic slowdown and of how BA works on further improving its overall customer service to achieve even higher satisfactory ratings. It also talks of the management’s decision to give no salary increases to employees for the year. The CFO’s Report contains information that a potential investor like Paul should be interested in. One is the basic earnings per share figure that is -32.6 pence; another is the reduction of BA’s other reserves by  £988 million which will significantly reduce the company’s shareholders’ equity. The third is the recommendation of BA’s

Biblcal Concepts of Worship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Biblcal Concepts of Worship - Essay Example Martin's definition of worship as a dramatic celebration of God must have kindled this quest for finding ways on how one should worship. A look at the Scriptures about the doctrine of worship will help make this new trend be subject to the evaluation of the churches in general, in this modern age. In the Old Testament there is one main word which is identified which is rendered "worship." It occurs a total of 172 times in the Authorized Version and being rendered 99 times by "worship" and 68 times as a verb or as an action which denotes the bending over or making oneself appear to be smaller than one really is. The word worship means bow, bow down, obeisance, reverence, fall down, stoop, or crouch. Worship is a technical term for an action where a man's attitude before God is concerned. Worship is our reaction based on our knowledge of who God is or of what He has done for us. The Hebrew word "worship" carries with it the action of bowing down. The emphasis on the action illustrates the relationship of the creature, man, towards the Creator, God. Worship, therefore, in this case is acknowledging God's sovereignty. In several Scripture passages, the word translated "worship" means to do obeisance. It is to show respect and reverence to a superior. When the authority of the superior is recognized, the inferior "bowed down" or "prostrated themselves" at the other's feet as a recognition of their being superior. More often, worship is tied up with the revelation of who God is. When a person "worshipped" God or fell down before God in the Old Testament, they were doing so because they knew who God is in their lives. How a man will worship God will be based on how he knows God. If he doesn't know God, he cannot react in worship. If his knowledge of God is limited, so will his worship be also. Bowing down or falling down is an acknowledgment of God's supremacy, His sovereignty, and His authority. From this confession that God is superior arises an action of obedience in the life of the one who worships. When God said, "Why do you call Me Lord, Lord and not do what I tell you" He was expressing the idea that if one acknowledges God as sovereign it must result to his obedience to the commands that are received from Him. The New Testament Worship There are many words in the New Testament which are translated as "worship". There is one which occurs in 60 occasions and is always rendered "worship" in the Authorized Version. The word connotes that the worshipper had to be involved in some form of bending, kneeling or prostration. This was parallel to obeisance in the Old Testament. There are two other words which mean "to revere" or "to adore" and this emphasizes the feeling of awe or devotion in the act of worship. The Contemporary or Modern Worship As mentioned earlier, many of the churches today of the Protestants and the Catholics have ventured into the realm of findings new ways of expressing their worship, more specifically, public worship. This venture results from the desire to have a kind of worship that will work and continue to be practiced in the church. "A worship that will have staying power is a worship that is firmly grounded in the old, yet aware of and concerned for new ways to respond to the old, old story." (Webber) Everyday, many churches coming from different lights of traditions are making a new touch with their worship. From liturgical

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Biblcal Concepts of Worship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Biblcal Concepts of Worship - Essay Example Martin's definition of worship as a dramatic celebration of God must have kindled this quest for finding ways on how one should worship. A look at the Scriptures about the doctrine of worship will help make this new trend be subject to the evaluation of the churches in general, in this modern age. In the Old Testament there is one main word which is identified which is rendered "worship." It occurs a total of 172 times in the Authorized Version and being rendered 99 times by "worship" and 68 times as a verb or as an action which denotes the bending over or making oneself appear to be smaller than one really is. The word worship means bow, bow down, obeisance, reverence, fall down, stoop, or crouch. Worship is a technical term for an action where a man's attitude before God is concerned. Worship is our reaction based on our knowledge of who God is or of what He has done for us. The Hebrew word "worship" carries with it the action of bowing down. The emphasis on the action illustrates the relationship of the creature, man, towards the Creator, God. Worship, therefore, in this case is acknowledging God's sovereignty. In several Scripture passages, the word translated "worship" means to do obeisance. It is to show respect and reverence to a superior. When the authority of the superior is recognized, the inferior "bowed down" or "prostrated themselves" at the other's feet as a recognition of their being superior. More often, worship is tied up with the revelation of who God is. When a person "worshipped" God or fell down before God in the Old Testament, they were doing so because they knew who God is in their lives. How a man will worship God will be based on how he knows God. If he doesn't know God, he cannot react in worship. If his knowledge of God is limited, so will his worship be also. Bowing down or falling down is an acknowledgment of God's supremacy, His sovereignty, and His authority. From this confession that God is superior arises an action of obedience in the life of the one who worships. When God said, "Why do you call Me Lord, Lord and not do what I tell you" He was expressing the idea that if one acknowledges God as sovereign it must result to his obedience to the commands that are received from Him. The New Testament Worship There are many words in the New Testament which are translated as "worship". There is one which occurs in 60 occasions and is always rendered "worship" in the Authorized Version. The word connotes that the worshipper had to be involved in some form of bending, kneeling or prostration. This was parallel to obeisance in the Old Testament. There are two other words which mean "to revere" or "to adore" and this emphasizes the feeling of awe or devotion in the act of worship. The Contemporary or Modern Worship As mentioned earlier, many of the churches today of the Protestants and the Catholics have ventured into the realm of findings new ways of expressing their worship, more specifically, public worship. This venture results from the desire to have a kind of worship that will work and continue to be practiced in the church. "A worship that will have staying power is a worship that is firmly grounded in the old, yet aware of and concerned for new ways to respond to the old, old story." (Webber) Everyday, many churches coming from different lights of traditions are making a new touch with their worship. From liturgical

What is Hobbes account of the good Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is Hobbes account of the good - Essay Example Therefore, according to him, things are perceived to be good if the repercussions of undertaking it are pleasing to us. There are two forms of motion as described by Hobbes: vital motion, which runs through the entire existence span of a living creature such as the flow of blood and voluntary motion, which is processed through imagination, followed by execution of the thought. In defining what may be perceived as good, Hobbes argues that good usually produces a motion deep inside us; the motion experienced is referred to as ‘delight.’ Sovereign states do play an important role in ensuring harmonious existence of different people. This is because the sovereign states have laws, which people have to abide to, failure to which they are to face punishment. In avoiding punishment, people try to avoid doing any act that is against the stipulated laws; thus, promoting harmony. Absence of such regulating authority would lead to people undertaking different activities based on th eir perceptions. For example, a man could sleep with anyone at any location and perceive it to be good because it brings forth delight to him. How Hobbes’ account of the good is related to his account of the constitutions â€Å"of Man.† Hobbes account of the good is related to his account of constitution of man in that mechanical effects of their senses trigger human actions. According to Hobbes, a man uses his volition to direct his actions away from harmful or evil situations, and towards beneficial situations. Hobbes employs the word appetites as well as aversions to explain conflicting desires of a man. Some human appetites are natural for instance, food desires while others emanate from a man’s experiences. Certain appetites emanate in the body of a man and are experienced as disruptions and sufferings that should be overcome. Therefore, every man is stimulated to act in a way that tends to ease his discomfort, safeguard and enhance his well-being. Similarl y, a man’s actions are dictated by this innate inclination to easy the physical challenges which impinge upon his body. Desires for some ‘good’ changes with time, even though a man cease to survive if he ceases to have desires for good things. In other words, it is the nature of man to search and desire for the ‘good’ such as wealth, power and diet to achieve satisfaction of his desires. A man’s power is a strategy to achieve a better future, ‘the good’. Human power is categorized into one natural power that comes from innate capacities of his mind and body such as strength, ability, artistic capability and brevity. Secondly, instrumental power that emanates from the acquired faculties as well as friends benefits, reputation or resources. The enduring perpetual and endless appetites for power are an essential quality common to all human beings. Similarly, fear of powers and authorities of other people serves as a counterbalance fo r the power desires and prevents human beings from often competing to attain power. Addition, fear of death, war and accidents stimulates men to seek harmony (common good for all). Description of the distinctly social nature of the desires that are common to us There is impossibility for a people to live without desires just like the way they can live without imaginations. Moreover, Hobbes describes happiness to a continual progress of desires, which is derived from one object to another, and achieving a path that leads to other paths in life. Nevertheless, the reasons behind this

Explain How the Understanding of Peace Is Expressed Through the Sacred Texts in 2 Religious Traditions Essay Example for Free

Explain How the Understanding of Peace Is Expressed Through the Sacred Texts in 2 Religious Traditions Essay By looking into their sacred texts and teachings on peace, we can gain a valuable insight into how these religions explain peace. The teaching of peace is central to Christianity. They use the sacred text of the bible, mostly the New Testament with emphasis on the Gospels as the source for teachings on peace. The New Testament states peace as a virtue and identifies it as a key element of God. Christians use Jesus’ example to illustrate the ideal model for peace in their lives. This model allows for adherents to understand the peace of God through the gift of the Holy Spirit and peace in relationships whereby Christians are expected to work in harmony with others in order to achieve peace As well as this the teaching on war and peace â€Å"love your neighbour as yourself. †(Matthew) and the teaching on peace and justice are both exemplified by Pope John XXIII’s notion that there can only be peace if there is justice. The Christian teaching on peace revolves around the covenant relationship between the adherent and God. This peace is given by Christ and is shown in the sacred texts of the New Testament â€Å"My peace I leave with you,† and is described as â€Å"one of the fruits with the spirit. †(Galatians). Jesus tells his followers that â€Å"in me you may have peace,† (John) suggesting that the concept of spiritual peace is embodied in the teachings of Jesus Christ. The importance of peace is clear in the Beatitudes were Jesus stated â€Å"blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God†. Christians believe that through baptism they have been called to follow Jesus’ as their model in life. By following his example, Christians acquire peace by obeying the commands of Jesus and therefore the principle teachings of Christianity â€Å"You must love your neighbour as you love yourself. † The bible states that Christians can achieve peace through the specific teaching of Jesus to forgive those who have wronged you. â€Å"If he wrongs you†¦you must forgive him. † (Luke). Forgiveness and compassion is at the heart of the Bibles message. Further to this, Christians can achieve peace through their practice of individual and communal prayer. The Christian biblical view on peace is one that demonstrates the idea that they should work for it. Through the beatitudes, Christians are encouraged to be the peacemakers in society. â€Å"Blessed are the peacemakers for they will be called the children of God. † Further to this, Christians believe in the sanctity of life through the covenant of the 10 commandments which state â€Å"Thou shall not kill. † Peace is work of justice and the effect of charity. In the case of conflict, Christians resort to the idea of violence being a last resort and refer to the Just War theory in order to determine whether conflict is applicable. The bible teaches adherents to promote peace on an international level, aiming to work for peace, justice and reconciliation. Islam like Christianity was a religion founded on the virtue of peace. Islam is referred to in the Qur’an as â€Å"the paths of peace† and it is taught that peace must always be actively sought out by Muslims. The Qur’an sees reconciliation as a basic stance and states that Allah abhors the disturbance of peace. Muslims too believe that there can only be peace if there is justice. In Islam, peace takes a variety of forms. It is seen as a quality of personal tranquillity and fulfilment bestowed by Allah to reward submission. This surrender of mental and physical devotion begins with the concept of Dhikr, the remembrance of Allah in all aspects of Muslim life. The Qur’an states that â€Å"In remembrance of God do hearts fins satisfaction. † This concept is embodied by the 5 pillars of Islam. Through the Salat, attention is drawn to Allah, marginalising distraction in order to devote more fully to the divine. Sawm and Zakat illustrate physical sacrifices for Islam which allows the adherent to appreciate Allah’s role as of life. The Hajj focuses on morality by allowing the adherent o come closer to Allah in their individual search of inner peace. Along with this, the study of the sacred texts of Islam, the Qur’an and Hadith equips adherents with necessary theological understanding for a meaningful life of submission which in turn brings peace. This study allows Muslims to understand peace being a reward for following the teachings of Allah and his prophet Mohammad. Peace be upon you because you have persevered. † Another concept of achieving peace is through collective worship. It encourages commitment in the struggle against the greater Jihad. Like Christianity, Islam encourages adherents to strive for peace. Both typify the complex relationship between religion and peace. The standard greeting to another person in Arabic is â€Å"As-Salamu-Alaykum (Peace be with you) † (Qur’an), which encourages Muslims to â€Å"Promote peace among men. † (Sura). There are various organisations in Islam that promote peace. E. g. The Islamic Conference which promotes world peace and safeguards the interest of the Muslim world. The understanding of peace throughout both Christianity and Islam has been influenced by their sacred texts. It is ultimately through the interpretation of these texts that adherents learn the values of peace. They all demonstrate that peace is not merely the absence of conflict, but is also a complex intertwined system of teachings and that there are various avenues to achieving the ideal state of peace.

Photography Ideology Society

Photography Ideology Society For many years now sociologists, critics, and writers have been intrigued with the idea of photography and interested in the concept of ideology itself, as well as what ideologies have been or can be presented as using photography or visual representations. Both photography and ideology are strongly linked to sociological theories, philosophical theories and even psychological theories, but how is their relationship conceived? What has been discovered about how ideologies are presented within a photograph? And are they inevitable? Firstly when talking of the term photography, in disassembling it to its simplest form it is the process of recording pictures by capturing light on a light sensitive medium. This invention was believed to be extraordinary, as it was believed that there would be a bright future ahead of this invention based on the fact that moments could be captured in a single photograph. While photography goes far back to the 1820s, the word ideology was created and introduced by count Antoine Destutt de Tracy in the late 18th century. De Tracy defined his concept of ideology by simply stating that it is a science of ideas, it can be seen as a way of looking at things in terms of common sense or ideology in everyday society, through a normative thought process. The philosopher Michael Foucault wrote: ‘Ideology is a way of life for society In simple terms to define the word and to state that ideology was all around life in everyday society. Famous Sociologist and founder of Marxism, Karl Marx talked of ideology being an instrument of social reproduction in order for the elites to remain in control of masses, he states: ‘The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch of the ruling ideas which is ruling material force of society as at the same time is ruling intellectual forces Marx Engels, (1845) Marx and Engels states that the ideologies of society that are everywhere come from the ruling classes (which refers to those with power i.e. ‘the bourgeoisie) that they believe submit ruling ideas from the ruling material force of society which also rules the main academic or intellectual force. This could be applied to photography and its relation to ideology, their theories suggest that Marx and Engels would argue that mainstream photography could be produced to represent ideological ideas in order to benefit the elites. Another significant sociologist, Louis Althusser, (1969) looked at ideology and stated that there was an ideological state apparatus, he wrote: ‘Ideology, always exists in an apparatus and its practice and practices, this existence is material This may suggest that in terms of photography according to Althusser it can be seen as an ideological practice, as photography can also be seen as a practice and our our values, desires and preferences are all part of what he calls the idealogical state apparatus. And in summary if a photographer is capturing our values, desires and preferences in photographs this must mean that what is being reflected are our idealogical values, desires and preferences. It was not until photography began to be related to social exploration that photography became a form that could be discussed in a socially theoretical manner and could be related to concepts of ideology, when ideologies began to be identified in early photographs of war. In the beginning the story of photography began with just its technology. Writer Eugenia Parry Janis cited in ‘History of photography: the state of research wrote: ‘The story of photography would be the history of its technique This continued and it wasnt until the 1930s that photography became thought of as art. The model of photographic history as the history of its technical refinement continued to the twentieth century, nationalist overtones were most obvious in the 20s and 30s, as French and then German historians rendered increasingly factorial and self-serving versions of photographys first hundred years states R. Douglas Nickel, (2001). Photography gradually became reflective of society, but in the 1980s and 90s photography associated with social history, cultural history and theory. This evidently came after the work of Marx Engels, Althusser or (Barthes specifically on the concepts of photography itself and its concern with ideology in particular. Marxs work was Based on the notion of ideology, specifically, the idea that photography is not a medium of mere class of imagery but a commodity subject to the invariable distortions and ‘False consciousness that Marxist theorists state characterise throughout the super structural products of bourgeoisie culture. Marx also states that ‘capitalism traffics in photography is taken as pure ideology, an empty vessel of conduct for transaction of power relations. He states that picture photography is unconsciously ideological. Photography and sociology in particular have always had a strong relation and one of the most profound theories around photography is its ideology or its visual culture. When talking of ideology in a photograph one is talking of its sociology or the sociological theory around it that sociologists and writers have followed and researched. Photography and sociology have approximately the same birth date, and are both considered similar in terms of their work exploring society writer Rosenblum cited in ‘Photography and sociology writes: ‘Different kinds of photographers work in different institutional settings and occupational communities, which effect their product as an essential setting in which sociologists work effects theirs Rosenblum, (1973) In working in a particular place or community with particular surroundings, the community around sociologists affect the work they produce and it is the same aspect for photographers, in photographing a certain concept they are producing a photograph that is subject to its environment therefore it is unavoidable that ideologies would be projected. Becker, (1974) elaborates on this aspect, he states that the constraints of settings in which photographers did their work affected how they went about it, their habits of seeing, the pictures they made and when looking at society what they saw, what they made of it and the way they presented their result. Photography is somewhat seen as an exploration of society like said before, it can be used to find the reality of ways of life or hide them, and most importantly reflect ideologies within society like many writers argue. However another use photographs can have is telling the News, this has become increasingly important over many years, as they are used as a social exploration through photographic news journalism. Marxists would argue that some pictures or drawings in the news would be used to submit ideologies one example of this is the famous war picture featured in news papers which was used to recruit soldiers and had a soldier on it stating ‘I want YOU for U.S army. This picture was used to persuade young men to join the army to form an ideological opposition to defend ones country. Photographic journalism was around as far back as the civil war as Mathieu Brody and Horan (1955) photographed it, it was also largely utilised by the 1960s during the civil rights movements. Today photographic journalism can be used to form certain political ideas a simple example of this would be using the numerous pictures of leaders such as George Bush or Gordon Brown looking professional and dressed in a suit, this would provoke ideologies of civilised and democratic leaders whilst showing a leader such as many pictures of the late Yassire Arafat in an unprofessional looking position wearing his traditional head scarf would provoke ideas of a less professional man. Another example of ideology used in photographic journalism today would be pictures of young and thin looking models on the front magazines such as ‘vogue or ‘cosmopolitan which expose the ideal way a young lady should look in todays society. It is argued that some photographs have been based on political ideologies, it is evident that photography has a strong relationship with the concept of ideology, since the sociology of photography was explored, writers such as Roland Barthes explored this specifically in his work on mythologies to be precise which I will later explore. Writer Hadjincolau, (1978) cited in ‘the theory of ideology: bringing the mind back in Sates that a visual ideology is presented with both instances or exemplars of the system of representation in use (individual pictures) and with explicitly formulated rules of the system for example drawing manuals. In talking of the way ideology effects society and its subjects or products, Roland Barthes, (1957) in mythologies wrote: ‘The whole of France is steeped in this anonymous ideology: our press, our cinema, our theatre, our popular literature, our ceremonies, our Justice, our diplomacy, our conversations, our remarks on the weather, the crimes we try, the wedding we are moved by, the cooking we dream of, the clothes we wear, everything, in our everyday life, contributes to the representation that the bourgeoisie makes for itself and for us of the relationships between man and the world. One obvious ideological photograph that Barthes writes about is one of French imperialism, it is one of a black bow wearing military garments and appearing to salute the French flag on the cover of a French magazine named ‘Paris Match. It attempts to represent an ideological image that shows a French unity based on serving under the French flag and under France despite the ethnic origin or that fact that boy may be from a French colony. Barthes writes about his interpretation of this image in particular he famously wrote: ‘I am at the barbers, and a copy of Paris-Match is offered to me. On the cover, a young Negro in a French uniform is saluting, with his eyes uplifted, probably fixed on a fold of the tricolour. All this is the meaning of the picture. But, whether naively or not, I see very well what it signifies to me: that France is a great Empire, that all her sons, without any colour discrimination, faithfully serve under her flag, and that there is no better answer to the detractors of an alleged colonialism than the zeal shown by this Negro in serving his so-called oppressors. I am therefore again faced with a greater semiological system: there is a signifier, itself already formed with a previous system (a black soldier is giving the French salute); there is a signified (it is here a purposeful mixture of Frenchness and militariness); finally, there is a presence of the signified through the signifier. This photographs critique is linked to the concept of realistic vs. idealistic when talking of its visual culture. Photographs such as this reflect the ideal that French powers would have ideally liked to reach ain the 1950s, however even in contemporary France these issues are still evident and are reflected within visual culture. There is still a fairly clear divide between the French by origin and those from current or previous colonies. Pictures like these are produced everyday even today and as Marx Engels, Althusser, and Foucault would argue, those in power use the mechanism of photography as a way of fabricating ideology through visual art forms. However from time to time films such as Mathieu Kossivitz ‘La Haine (1995) reveals the reality rather then the ideal of societies such as the French society. La Haine produces some documentary like visuals and photographs that depicts the reality of French societies which disassembles the ideologies in dealing with contemporary issues such as integration, social exclusion, unemployment, or inequalities through visual imagery. This film was so successful and reflective of French society that French politicians and then president Jack Chirac organised a special viewing of the film within parliament. In discussing this, these issues only confirm that what we see from a picture like the one on Paris Match is constructed of semiological systems that reveals signifieds that have already been framed, which shows a clear signified from a signifier according to Barthes. Barthes mythologies also states that ideological pictures like the Paris Match cover were a signifying function created by a sum of signs that resulted in a myth. Relative to the Paris Match photograph Stuart Hall (1997) cited in the article ‘Illustrate and critically discuss the way in which semioticains problematise the concepts of representation by Roderick Munday,Hall states that the minority groups, or what he describes as people who are different in any way from the norm are frequently exposed to what he calls â€Å"binary forms of representation†. Examples of these are as he states them/us, black/white, good/bad, and ugly/attractive. He also states that minority groups or people who are in any way different are also expected to be both contraries at the same time. This is applicable to the Paris Match photograph as for example he is wearing uniform usually typically representative of white French boys yet he is black. It can be seen as a continuation or reemphasis of the traditional sense of representation as symbolising an abstract idea. An example of this is the representation of black people, and the possibility of them being viewed as the representation of white peoples ideas about them. One example of this is cited in Roderick Mundays essay and is a photograph of Linford Christie after winning gold at a major competition as an athlete in Barcelona 1992. As a result of this picture the British press could only focus on him wearing a tight athletic running suit and the apparent size of his genitals. This was an influence of ideological ideas and perceptions that black men in particular had large genitals. The ideology that black men had large genitals had been formed over a long period of time; Antonio Gramsci would argue has become a hegemonic belief, which means a popular belief amongst the majority or a hegemonic and ideological belief. One may be subject to thinking that if ideological ideas can be made about a photograph such as this, it can be made about any other photograph. When looking at this picture, like Althusser states a major ideological state apparatuses which is the media choose to ignore, they opt to sideline other representations within the photograph and focus of an a racial ideology. This suggests that as this is included in mainstream media many would have been familiar with this article and this could have influenced their views. However postmodernist critics state that individuals are not extremely influenced and can identify their own views, they argue that individuals are not that dependant or taken advantage of. Despite this argument in conclusion the British media chose to ignore the fact that he is holding a British flag and the representation of it, or the fact that his body language reflects his success his power and success or appreciation for the supporting crowd. Other work done on this subject is that of writer kobena Mercer, Mercer studied photographs of Robert Mapplethorpe that revealed photographs of what appears to be genitals of black man and their particular emphasis on their large size. Mercer wrote: ‘Mapplethorpe is serving a colonial fantasy, the sexual idealisation of the racial other Mercer, (2002) One photograph that Mapplethorpe produced was one that revealed a black man in a workers suit, with emphasis to his genital area exposed, from this photograph one could assume that the ideal is that he has large genital before the fact that he is just a working man. Mercers critic of his photographs argues that rather then taking the black man as a person Mapplethorpe is feeding the racial ideal. Amongst famous ideological photographs is photographer Joe Rosenthals 1945 Iwo Jima flag-raising photograph of for American soldiers raising the American flag symbolising the ideology of American nationalism, American power, and American spirit. One could analyse this image in the way that Roland Barthes does in a systematic way to uncover its meaning and ideology. Roland Barthes ‘rhetoric of the image states that there are three messages we need to ‘skim off. The three messages include the linguistic code, the coded iconic message, and the non coded iconic message. He looks at these three messages when analysing the ‘Panzani advert. When looking at the flag raising picture the first message is not evident within the picture as the picture does not contain any text therefore we must continue to the second message, the coded iconic message, this message looks at coded aspects which enable us to immediately identify just the pure image or any unconscious messages that have iconic significance. When looking at the ‘discontinuous signs as the coded iconic messages in Rosenthals image as Barthes calls them, the first instance the image represents is the notion of four soldiers who were currently engaged in a battle that ended in victory. The euphoric values within this photograph are firstly the idea of fresh success in winning the battle and celebration that will occur prior to doing so. The signifier for the signifier is the raising of the flag, one of the other signifiers the second signifier is the American flag itself representing ‘americanicity rather then ‘italianicity as Barthes describes in the Panzani advert. Another signifier would be the uniforms of the soldiers which would signify the immediacy of being in a battle and the equality amongst the soldiers. The third message, the non-coded message involves just looking at the objects in the image and the messages without codes or as Barthes describes this as ‘The literal Message or describing the simple structure of the image and the objects. The obvious non-coded messages within this photograph would simply be the soldiers themselves raising the flag in unity, and the American flag it self. The image has been one of the most famous iconic American images in history and has been reproduced countless times on, postcards, stamps, frames, and posters. The image is the representation of an American ideal, and of the fighting spirit of its soldiers that American forces talk off often. It also indicates the ideal of American power and how strong America is. However one of the reasons why I chose this picture as many believe that Rosenthal must have posed the figures in the photograph stating that he had told the soldiers to re-enact the flag raising for a second time. Rosenthal stated that this was not the case as he had first missed the first flag raising by soldiers but then naturally captured the second raising of a larger flag. Weather these allegations were correct or not, this may indicate a possibility that this ideological image used photography to submit certain ‘un-conscious American ideologies and ideas of patriotism weather done naturally or not. We may conceive that photography is being used to accomplish certain ideologies from the relationship that photography has with ideology. Discussing photography throughout its time and its strong connection with sociology in exploring society, it is clear that there have always been social ideologies and that photography has always been linked to them in one way or another, whether promoting them or challenging them, they are still used today. In simple terms we may conceive that photography just reflects most of societys ideas. This therefore insinuates that we may conceive of the relationship between photography and ideology as inevitable, this is exemplified in Roland Barthes analysis of the photograph showing the Panzani advert in the ‘Rhetoric of the image whenHe states that the advert promotes ideals of what he describes is ‘italianicity or the perfectly balanced meal based on what Italians eat. Therefore I ask weather it is possible to develop a photograph without some ideologies as Barthes states in his work on Mythologies, ideologies are all around us; in cinema, News papers, magazines and even the weddings we go to or the clothes we wear. Certain ideologies within any given photograph may represent a different ideal. I argue that even the least typical ideological photograph is an ideal of the ‘un-ideological photograph, or the ideal of an image opposite to an image seen as ideological. Even a photograph of mountains of sand in the desert photographed by photographer by Ansel Adams provokes ideas of Arabian nights, an Arabic camel walking to the beat of its humps, or Arabic Saharan way of life. This may be because we un-consciously relate ideas that are already set out for us as such as media or education Althusser would argue. Therefore weather or not we choose to use typical of un-typical ideals within a photograph to benefit our society and teach our society in the right way is up to us. Bibliography 1, Kobena Mercer ‘Reading racial Fetishiam: the photographs of Robert Mapplethorpe in eds. Evans Hall (1999) Visual culture: he reader London: Sage, open university 2, Becker, H. S. (1974) Photography and Sociology. Studies in the Anthropology of Visual Communication 1, 3-26. 3, Paris Match French ideology, Google images www.google.com accessed: 03/04/08 4, Lewis, W. (2005) ‘Louis Althusser and the Traditions of French Marxism Lexington books, 2005 5, Marx and Engels: The German Ideology Part I: Feuerbach. Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlook http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01b.htm 6, Robert Mapplethorpe, Google images www.google.com accessed: 03/04/08 7, Joe Rosenthal: raising the flag, Google images www.google.com accessed: 04/04/ 8, Roland Barthes Rhetoric of the image in ed Wells, L (2003) The photography reader London, New York: Routledge 9, Barthes, Roland, Mythologies, London: Vintage, 2000 10, Trevor Pateman, ‘The Theory of Ideology: Bringing the Mind Back In http://www.selectedworks.co.uk/theoryideology.html accessed:02/04/08 11, Linford Christie: Google image www.google.com accessed: 04/04/08 12, Hall, Stuart (Editor) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, London; Sage Publications, 1997 13, Roderick Munday ‘Illustrate and critically discuss the ways in which semioticians problematise the concept of representation. http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Students/ram0207.html accessed: 04/04/08 14, photography: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography accessed: 03/04/08 15, Roland Barthes: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Barthes accessed: 03/04/08 16, Berger, John, Ways of Seeing, Hardmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd., 1972 17, Roland Barthes, Panzani Advert: www.google.com accessed: 02/04/08 18, Ansel Adams gallery, http://www.anseladams.com/ansel-adams-photography.html accessed: 04/04/08